Sony DAV-TZ215 / DAV-TZ715 / HBD-TZ215 / HBD-TZ715 Service Manual ▷ View online
SERVICE MANUAL
Sony Corporation
Published by Sony Techno Create Corporation
HBD-TZ215/TZ715
SPECIFICATIONS
DVD RECEIVER
9-893-291-04
2012E33-1
©
2012.05
AEP Model
Chinese Model
Singapore Model
HBD-TZ715
E Model
HBD-TZ215/TZ715
Saudi Arabia Model
Latin American Model
Indian Model
HBD-TZ215
Ver. 1.3 2012.05
Model Name Using Similar Mechanism
HBD-TZ210
Mechanism Type
CDM85MB-DVBU102
Optical Pick-up Name
KHM-313CAA
• HBD-TZ215 is the amplifi er, super audio CD/DVD,
USB, tuner and video section in DAV-TZ215.
• HBD-TZ715 is the amplifi er, super audio CD/DVD,
USB, tuner and video section in DAV-TZ715.
Photo: HBD-TZ715
General
Power requirements
Latin American models:
Latin American models:
110 V - 240 V AC,
50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
Saudi Arabian models:
127 V - 240 V AC,
50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
Other models:
220 V - 240 V AC,
50/60 Hz
50/60 Hz
Power consumption
On: 105 W
Standby: 0.2 W*
Standby: 0.2 W*
* Valid when the system is in the following status:
– “DEMO” is set to “OFF.”
– [CONTROL FOR HDMI] is set to [OFF].
Dimensions (approx.)
430 mm × 67 mm × 335
mm (w/h/d) incl.
projecting parts
mm (w/h/d) incl.
projecting parts
Mass (approx.)
3.6 kg
Supported file format
MP3 (MPEG 1 Audio Layer-3)
File Extension:
mp3
Bitrate:
32 kbps - 320 kbps
Sampling frequencies:
32/44.1/48 kHz
WMA (USB device only)
File Extension:
wma
Bitrate:
48 kbps - 192 kbps
Sampling frequencies:
44.1 kHz
AAC (USB device only)
File Extension:
m4a
Bitrate:
48 kbps - 320 kbps
Sampling frequencies:
44.1 kHz
Xvid
File Extension:
avi
Video codec:
Xvid video
Bitrate:
4.854 Mbps (MAX)
Resolution/Frame rate:
720 × 480 / 30 fps
720 × 576 / 25 fps
720 × 576 / 25 fps
Audio codec:
MP3
MPEG4
File format:
MP4 File Format
File Extension:
mp4/m4v
Video codec:
MPEG4 Simple Profile
(AVC is not compatible.)
(AVC is not compatible.)
Bitrate:
4 Mbps
Resolution/Frame rate:
720 × 576 / 30 fps
Audio codec:
AAC-LC (HE-AAC is not
compatible.)
compatible.)
DRM:
Not compatible
Design and specifications are subject to change
without notice.
without notice.
Standby power consumption 0.2 W.
Halogenated flame retardants are not used in the
Halogenated flame retardants are not used in the
certain printed wiring boards.
Over 85% power efficiency of amplifier block is
achieved with the full digital amplifier, S-Master.
Amplifier Section
POWER OUTPUT (rated):
Front L + Front R
Front L + Front R
65 W + 65 W (at 3 ohms, 1
kHz, 1% THD)
kHz, 1% THD)
POWER OUTPUT (reference):
Front L/Front R/Center/
Surround L/Surround R:
100 W (per channel at 3
ohms, 1 kHz)
Subwoofer: 100 W (at 3
ohms, 80 Hz)
Surround L/Surround R:
100 W (per channel at 3
ohms, 1 kHz)
Subwoofer: 100 W (at 3
ohms, 80 Hz)
Inputs (Analog)
TV (AUDIO IN)
Sensitivity: 450/250 mV
Sensitivity: 450/250 mV
Super Audio CD/DVD System
Laser Diode Properties
Emission Duration:
Continuous
Laser Output: Less than
44.6
Continuous
Laser Output: Less than
44.6
PW
* This output is the value measurement at a distance
of 200 mm from the objective lens surface on the
Optical Pick-up Block with 7 mm aperture.
Optical Pick-up Block with 7 mm aperture.
Signal format system
Latin American models:
Latin American models:
NTSC
Other models:
NTSC/PAL
USB Section
(USB) port:
Maximum current:
500 mA
Tuner Section
System
PLL quartz-locked digital
synthesizer
synthesizer
Tuning range
87.5 MHz - 108.0 MHz (50
kHz step)
kHz step)
Antenna (aerial)
FM wire antenna (aerial)
Antenna (aerial) terminals 75 ohms, unbalanced
Video Section
Outputs
VIDEO: 1 Vp-p 75 ohms
HDMI OUT: Type A (19
pin)
HDMI OUT: Type A (19
pin)
HBD-TZ215/TZ715
2
NOTES ON CHIP COMPONENT REPLACEMENT
•
•
Never reuse a disconnected chip component.
•
Notice that the minus side of a tantalum capacitor may be dam-
aged by heat.
aged by heat.
FLEXIBLE CIRCUIT BOARD REPAIRING
•
•
Keep the temperature of soldering iron around 270 °C during
repairing.
repairing.
•
Do not touch the soldering iron on the same conductor of the
circuit board (within 3 times).
circuit board (within 3 times).
•
Be careful not to apply force on the conductor when soldering
or unsoldering.
or unsoldering.
SAFETY-RELATED COMPONENT WARNING!
COMPONENTS IDENTIFIED BY MARK
0 OR DOTTED LINE
WITH MARK
0 ON THE SCHEMATIC DIAGRAMS AND IN
THE PARTS LIST ARE CRITICAL TO SAFE OPERATION.
REPLACE THESE COMPONENTS WITH SONY PARTS
REPLACE THESE COMPONENTS WITH SONY PARTS
WHOSE PART NUMBERS APPEAR AS SHOWN IN THIS
MANUAL OR IN SUPPLEMENTS PUBLISHED BY SONY.
MANUAL OR IN SUPPLEMENTS PUBLISHED BY SONY.
CAUTION
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures
other than those specifi ed herein may result in hazardous radia-
tion exposure.
Use of controls or adjustments or performance of procedures
other than those specifi ed herein may result in hazardous radia-
tion exposure.
This appliance is classified as a
CLASS 1 LASER product. This
marking is located on the rear
exterior.
CLASS 1 LASER product. This
marking is located on the rear
exterior.
(When letters/numbers appear in the
display)
display)
When the self-diagnosis function is activated to
prevent the system from malfunctioning, a 5-
character service number (e.g., C 13 50) with a
combination of a letter and 4 digits appears on
the TV screen or front panel display. In this case,
check the following table.
prevent the system from malfunctioning, a 5-
character service number (e.g., C 13 50) with a
combination of a letter and 4 digits appears on
the TV screen or front panel display. In this case,
check the following table.
Self-diagnosis Function
First 3
characters of
the service
number
characters of
the service
number
Cause and/or corrective action
C 13
The disc is dirty.
,Clean the disc with a soft cloth
,Clean the disc with a soft cloth
E XX
(XX is a
number)
(XX is a
number)
To prevent a malfunction, the
system has performed the self-
diagnosis function.
,Contact your nearest Sony
system has performed the self-
diagnosis function.
,Contact your nearest Sony
dealer or local authorized Sony
service facility and give the 5-
character service number.
Example: E 61 10
service facility and give the 5-
character service number.
Example: E 61 10
C:13:50
Copyrights
This system incorporates with
Dolby* Digital and Dolby Pro
Logic (II) adaptive matrix
surround decoder and the
DTS** Digital Surround
System.
This system incorporates with
Dolby* Digital and Dolby Pro
Logic (II) adaptive matrix
surround decoder and the
DTS** Digital Surround
System.
* Manufactured under license
from Dolby Laboratories.
Dolby, Pro Logic, and the
double-D symbol are trademarks
of Dolby Laboratories.
from Dolby Laboratories.
Dolby, Pro Logic, and the
double-D symbol are trademarks
of Dolby Laboratories.
**Manufactured under license
under U.S. Patent Nos:
5,956,674; 5,974,380; 6,487,535
& other U.S. and worldwide
patents issued & pending. DTS,
the Symbol, & DTS and the
Symbol together are registered
trademarks & DTS Digital
Surround and the DTS logos are
trademarks of DTS, Inc. Product
includes software. © DTS, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
under U.S. Patent Nos:
5,956,674; 5,974,380; 6,487,535
& other U.S. and worldwide
patents issued & pending. DTS,
the Symbol, & DTS and the
Symbol together are registered
trademarks & DTS Digital
Surround and the DTS logos are
trademarks of DTS, Inc. Product
includes software. © DTS, Inc.
All Rights Reserved.
This system incorporates High-
Definition Multimedia
Interface (HDMITM)
technology.
HDMI, the HDMI logo and
High-Definition Multimedia
Interface are trademarks or
registered trademarks of HDMI
Licensing LLC in the United
States and other countries.
Definition Multimedia
Interface (HDMITM)
technology.
HDMI, the HDMI logo and
High-Definition Multimedia
Interface are trademarks or
registered trademarks of HDMI
Licensing LLC in the United
States and other countries.
“DVD-RW,” “DVD-R,”
“DVD+RW,” “DVD+R,”
“DVD VIDEO,” and the “CD”
logos are trademarks.
“DVD+RW,” “DVD+R,”
“DVD VIDEO,” and the “CD”
logos are trademarks.
“BRAVIA” is a trademark of
Sony Corporation.
Sony Corporation.
“PLAYSTATION” is a
trademark of Sony Computer
Entertainment Inc.
trademark of Sony Computer
Entertainment Inc.
MPEG Layer-3 audio coding
technology and patents
licensed from Fraunhofer IIS
and Thomson.
technology and patents
licensed from Fraunhofer IIS
and Thomson.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
INCLUDING THAT RELATING TO
PROMOTIONAL, INTERNAL AND
COMMERCIAL USES AND
LICENSING MAY BE OBTAINED
FROM MPEG LA, LLC. SEE
HTTP://WWW.MPEGLA.COM
INCLUDING THAT RELATING TO
PROMOTIONAL, INTERNAL AND
COMMERCIAL USES AND
LICENSING MAY BE OBTAINED
FROM MPEG LA, LLC. SEE
HTTP://WWW.MPEGLA.COM
All other trademarks are
trademarks of their respective
owners.
trademarks of their respective
owners.
Windows Media is either a
registered trademark or
trademark of Microsoft
Corporation in the United
States and/or other countries.
This product contains
technology subject to certain
intellectual property rights of
Microsoft. Use or distribution
of this technology outside of
this product is prohibited
without the appropriate
license(s) from Microsoft.
WARNING
registered trademark or
trademark of Microsoft
Corporation in the United
States and/or other countries.
This product contains
technology subject to certain
intellectual property rights of
Microsoft. Use or distribution
of this technology outside of
this product is prohibited
without the appropriate
license(s) from Microsoft.
WARNING
About MPEG-4 Visual
THIS PRODUCT IS LICENSED
UNDER THE MPEG-4 VISUAL
PATENT PORTFOLIO LICENSE
FOR THE PERSONAL AND
NONCOMMERCIAL USE OF A
CONSUMER FOR DECODING
VIDEO IN COMPLIANCE WITH
THE MPEG-4 VISUAL STANDARD
(“MPEG-4 VIDEO”) THAT WAS
ENCODED BY A CONSUMER
ENGAGED IN A PERSONAL AND
NONCOMMERCIAL ACTIVITY
AND/OR WAS OBTAINED FROM
A VIDEO PROVIDER LICENSED
BY MPEG LA TO PROVIDE
MPEG-4 VIDEO. NO LICENSE IS
GRANTED OR SHALL BE IMPLIED
FOR ANY OTHER USE.
THIS PRODUCT IS LICENSED
UNDER THE MPEG-4 VISUAL
PATENT PORTFOLIO LICENSE
FOR THE PERSONAL AND
NONCOMMERCIAL USE OF A
CONSUMER FOR DECODING
VIDEO IN COMPLIANCE WITH
THE MPEG-4 VISUAL STANDARD
(“MPEG-4 VIDEO”) THAT WAS
ENCODED BY A CONSUMER
ENGAGED IN A PERSONAL AND
NONCOMMERCIAL ACTIVITY
AND/OR WAS OBTAINED FROM
A VIDEO PROVIDER LICENSED
BY MPEG LA TO PROVIDE
MPEG-4 VIDEO. NO LICENSE IS
GRANTED OR SHALL BE IMPLIED
FOR ANY OTHER USE.
Laser component in this product is capable of emitting radiation
exceeding the limit for Class 1.
exceeding the limit for Class 1.
Ver. 1.1
HBD-TZ215/TZ715
3
1.
SERVICING NOTES
............................................. 3
2. DISASSEMBLY
2-1. Disassembly
Flow
........................................................... 6
2-2. Case
(KZ)
........................................................................ 7
2-3. Loading Panel Block ....................................................... 8
2-4. Front Panel Block ........................................................... 8
2-5. FL Board, USB KEY Board, KZ-USB Board ................ 9
2-6. KEY-SW Board, P-SW Board ........................................ 10
2-7. Back Panel Block ............................................................ 11
2-8. DVD Mechanism Deck (CDM85MB-DVBU102) ......... 12
2-9. MAIN
2-4. Front Panel Block ........................................................... 8
2-5. FL Board, USB KEY Board, KZ-USB Board ................ 9
2-6. KEY-SW Board, P-SW Board ........................................ 10
2-7. Back Panel Block ............................................................ 11
2-8. DVD Mechanism Deck (CDM85MB-DVBU102) ......... 12
2-9. MAIN
Board
................................................................... 13
2-10. POWER Board ................................................................ 14
2-11. FFC Holder ..................................................................... 15
2-12. Optical Pick-up (KHM-313CAA) .................................. 16
2-13. Belt .................................................................................. 16
2-14. DC Motor (Loading) (M001), MS-203 Board ................ 17
2-15. How to Bend Wire (Flat Type) ........................................ 17
2-11. FFC Holder ..................................................................... 15
2-12. Optical Pick-up (KHM-313CAA) .................................. 16
2-13. Belt .................................................................................. 16
2-14. DC Motor (Loading) (M001), MS-203 Board ................ 17
2-15. How to Bend Wire (Flat Type) ........................................ 17
3.
TEST MODE
............................................................ 18
4.
ELECTRICAL CHECKS
...................................... 21
5. DIAGRAMS
5-1. Block Diagram - SERVO Section - ................................ 22
5-2. Block Diagram - VIDEO Section - ................................. 23
5-3. Block Diagram - AUDIO Section - ................................. 24
5-4. Block Diagram - AMP Section - ..................................... 25
5-5. Block Diagram - POWER Section - ............................... 26
5-6. Printed Wiring Board - MAIN Section (1/2) - ................ 28
5-7. Printed Wiring Boards - MAIN Section (2/2) - .............. 29
5-8. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (1/8) - ................... 30
5-9. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (2/8) - ................... 31
5-10. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (3/8) - ................... 32
5-11. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (4/8) - ................... 33
5-12. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (5/8) - ................... 34
5-13. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (6/8) - ................... 35
5-14. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (7/8) - ................... 36
5-15. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (8/8) - ................... 37
5-16. Printed Wiring Board - FL Board - ................................. 38
5-17. Schematic Diagram - FL Board - .................................... 39
5-18. Printed Wiring Boards - KEY Section - .......................... 40
5-19. Schematic Diagram - KEY Section - .............................. 41
5-20. Printed Wiring Board - POWER Board - ........................ 42
5-21. Schematic Diagram - POWER Board - .......................... 43
5-2. Block Diagram - VIDEO Section - ................................. 23
5-3. Block Diagram - AUDIO Section - ................................. 24
5-4. Block Diagram - AMP Section - ..................................... 25
5-5. Block Diagram - POWER Section - ............................... 26
5-6. Printed Wiring Board - MAIN Section (1/2) - ................ 28
5-7. Printed Wiring Boards - MAIN Section (2/2) - .............. 29
5-8. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (1/8) - ................... 30
5-9. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (2/8) - ................... 31
5-10. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (3/8) - ................... 32
5-11. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (4/8) - ................... 33
5-12. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (5/8) - ................... 34
5-13. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (6/8) - ................... 35
5-14. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (7/8) - ................... 36
5-15. Schematic Diagram - MAIN Section (8/8) - ................... 37
5-16. Printed Wiring Board - FL Board - ................................. 38
5-17. Schematic Diagram - FL Board - .................................... 39
5-18. Printed Wiring Boards - KEY Section - .......................... 40
5-19. Schematic Diagram - KEY Section - .............................. 41
5-20. Printed Wiring Board - POWER Board - ........................ 42
5-21. Schematic Diagram - POWER Board - .......................... 43
6.
EXPLODED VIEWS
6-1. Overall
Section
............................................................... 55
6-2. Front Panel Section ......................................................... 56
6-3. Front Boards Section ...................................................... 57
6-4. Chassis
6-3. Front Boards Section ...................................................... 57
6-4. Chassis
Section
............................................................... 58
6-5. DVD Mechanism Deck Section
(CDM85MB-DVBU102)
(CDM85MB-DVBU102)
................................................
59
7.
ELECTRICAL PARTS LIST
.............................. 60
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1
SERVICING NOTES
UNLEADED SOLDER
Boards requiring use of unleaded solder are printed with the lead-
free mark (LF) indicating the solder contains no lead.
(Caution: Some printed circuit boards may not come printed with
Boards requiring use of unleaded solder are printed with the lead-
free mark (LF) indicating the solder contains no lead.
(Caution: Some printed circuit boards may not come printed with
the lead free mark due to their particular size)
: LEAD FREE MARK
Unleaded solder has the following characteristics.
• Unleaded solder melts at a temperature about 40 °C higher
• Unleaded solder melts at a temperature about 40 °C higher
than ordinary solder.
Ordinary soldering irons can be used but the iron tip has to be
applied to the solder joint for a slightly longer time.
applied to the solder joint for a slightly longer time.
Soldering irons using a temperature regulator should be set to
about 350 °C.
Caution: The printed pattern (copper foil) may peel away if
about 350 °C.
Caution: The printed pattern (copper foil) may peel away if
the heated tip is applied for too long, so be careful!
• Strong
viscosity
Unleaded solder is more viscous (sticky, less prone to fl ow)
than ordinary solder so use caution not to let solder bridges
occur such as on IC pins, etc.
than ordinary solder so use caution not to let solder bridges
occur such as on IC pins, etc.
•
Usable with ordinary solder
It is best to use only unleaded solder but unleaded solder may
also be added to ordinary solder.
also be added to ordinary solder.
NOTES ON HANDLING THE OPTICAL PICK-UP
BLOCK OR BASE UNIT
BLOCK OR BASE UNIT
The laser diode in the optical pick-up block may suffer electro-
static break-down because of the potential difference generated by
the charged electrostatic load, etc. on clothing and the human body.
During repair, pay attention to electrostatic break-down and also
use the procedure in the printed matter which is included in the
repair parts.
The fl exible board is easily damaged and should be handled with
care.
static break-down because of the potential difference generated by
the charged electrostatic load, etc. on clothing and the human body.
During repair, pay attention to electrostatic break-down and also
use the procedure in the printed matter which is included in the
repair parts.
The fl exible board is easily damaged and should be handled with
care.
NOTES ON LASER DIODE EMISSION CHECK
The laser beam on this model is concentrated so as to be focused
on the disc refl ective surface by the objective lens in the optical
pickup block. Therefore, when checking the laser diode emission,
observe from more than 30 cm away from the objective lens.
The laser beam on this model is concentrated so as to be focused
on the disc refl ective surface by the objective lens in the optical
pickup block. Therefore, when checking the laser diode emission,
observe from more than 30 cm away from the objective lens.
LASER DIODE AND FOCUS SEARCH
1. Open the case and turn POWER on with no disc inserted.
2. Confi rm that the following operation is performed while ob-
1. Open the case and turn POWER on with no disc inserted.
2. Confi rm that the following operation is performed while ob-
serving the objecting lens from the clearance of DVD mecha-
nism deck.
1) Confi rm that laser beam is spread.
2) Up and down motion of the objective lens. (2 times)
nism deck.
1) Confi rm that laser beam is spread.
2) Up and down motion of the objective lens. (2 times)
ON CLEANING DISCS, DISC/LENS CLEANERS
Do not use cleaning discs or disc/lens cleaners (including wet or
spray types). These may cause the apparatus to malfunction.
Do not use cleaning discs or disc/lens cleaners (including wet or
spray types). These may cause the apparatus to malfunction.
IMPORTANT NOTICE
Caution: This system is capable of holding a still video image or on-
screen display image on your television screen indefi nitely. If you leave
the still video image or on-screen display image displayed on your TV
for an extended period of time you risk permanent damage to your tele-
vision screen.
Projection televisions are especially susceptible to this.
Caution: This system is capable of holding a still video image or on-
screen display image on your television screen indefi nitely. If you leave
the still video image or on-screen display image displayed on your TV
for an extended period of time you risk permanent damage to your tele-
vision screen.
Projection televisions are especially susceptible to this.
HBD-TZ215/TZ715
4
RELEASING THE DISC TRAY LOCK
The disc tray lock function for the antitheft of an demonstration
disc in the store is equipped.
The disc tray lock function for the antitheft of an demonstration
disc in the store is equipped.
Releasing Procedure :
1. Press the [
1. Press the [
?/1
] button to turn the power on.
2. Press the [FUNCTION] button to set DVD/CD function.
3. Press the [
3. Press the [
x
] button and the [Z] button simultaneously for fi ve
seconds again.
4. The message “UNLOCKED” is displayed and the tray is un-
locked.
Note: When “LOCKED” is displayed, the tray lock is not released by
turning power on/off with the [?/1] button.
MODEL IDENTIFICATION
– Back Panel –
– Back Panel –
Part No.
Model
Part No.
HBD-TZ215: Indian model (E12)
4-296-217-0[]
HBD-TZ215: Middle East & African
models (E3)
4-296-217-1[]
HBD-TZ215: Latin American model
(E32)
4-296-217-2[]
HBD-TZ715: Middle East & African
models (E3, E93)
4-296-217-3[]
HBD-TZ215: Saudi Arabia model
4-296-217-4[]
HBD-TZ715: Singapore model
4-296-217-5[]
HBD-TZ715: Chinese model
4-296-217-6[]
HBD-TZ715: AEP model
4-296-217-8[]
NOTE OF REPLACING THE IC507 AND IC1501 ON
THE MAIN BOARD
IC507 and IC1501 on the MAIN board cannot exchange with
single. When these parts are damaged, exchange the complete
mounted board.
THE MAIN BOARD
IC507 and IC1501 on the MAIN board cannot exchange with
single. When these parts are damaged, exchange the complete
mounted board.
HOW TO OPEN THE DISC TABLE WHEN POWER
SWITCH TURNS OFF
Insert a tapering driver into the aperture of the unit bottom, and
slide it in the direction of the arrow.
SWITCH TURNS OFF
Insert a tapering driver into the aperture of the unit bottom, and
slide it in the direction of the arrow.
tray
Insert a screwdriver from between the front panel and
the chassis and slide the rod in the direction of the arrow.
the chassis and slide the rod in the direction of the arrow.
– Bottom view –
PRECAUTION WHEN INSTALLING A NEW OP UNIT/
PRECAUTION BEFORE UNSOLDERING THE STATIC
ELECTRICITY PREVENTION SOLDER BRIDGE
PRECAUTION BEFORE UNSOLDERING THE STATIC
ELECTRICITY PREVENTION SOLDER BRIDGE
When installing a new OP unit, be sure to connect the fl exible
printed circuit board fi rst of all before removing the static electric-
ity prevention solder bridge by unsoldering.
Remove the static electricity prevention solder bridge by unsolder-
ing after the fl exible printed circuit board has already been con-
nected. (Do not remove nor unsolder the solder bridge as long as
the OP unit is kept standalone)
printed circuit board fi rst of all before removing the static electric-
ity prevention solder bridge by unsoldering.
Remove the static electricity prevention solder bridge by unsolder-
ing after the fl exible printed circuit board has already been con-
nected. (Do not remove nor unsolder the solder bridge as long as
the OP unit is kept standalone)
Ver. 1.3